Short answer: Research presents a mixed picture. Large studies suggest that low to moderate alcohol consumption has little to no clear effect on the chances of becoming pregnant, while higher intake may lower fertility. As even small amounts of alcohol can affect a very early pregnancy, Swedish authorities recommend complete abstinence when trying to conceive.
What does research say about alcohol and female fertility?
The evidence is not conclusive. A large Danish prospective study of over 6,000 women trying to conceive found no clear difference in the chances of getting pregnant with an intake of less than 14 standard drinks per week compared to complete abstinence. A lower probability was only observed at 14 drinks or more per week. However, a systematic review and meta-analysis compiling nineteen studies points in another direction, suggesting a slightly reduced fertility even with any alcohol consumption, with the clearest effect at higher intake. Overall, the evidence suggests that a link exists, but the magnitude of the effect at low amounts is uncertain.
Does quantity matter?
Much indicates that dose and pattern are important. In the meta-analysis, the estimated decrease in fertility was greater for those who drank more (over approximately 12.5 grams of ethanol per day) than for those who drank little. It is also possible that binge drinking, i.e., larger amounts on single occasions, affects more than the same amount spread over time, but the evidence here is more limited. As the studies are based on self-reported drinking and differ in methodology, the figures should be interpreted with caution.
Alcohol when you might already be pregnant
Regarding pregnancy itself, the recommendation is clearer. It is not possible to establish a safe lower limit for how small amounts of alcohol are risk-free for the fetus, and therefore the advice in Sweden is to completely abstain from alcohol during pregnancy. For the same reasons, those trying to conceive are advised to abstain, as one can be pregnant before knowing it. This is about caution rather than a single glass definitely causing harm.
Does the partner's alcohol also affect fertility?
Fertility is something couples share, and a partner's lifestyle habits can play a role. There is some support for the idea that high alcohol consumption can affect sperm quality, but the evidence is limited and the results are inconsistent. It is reasonable to review both partners' alcohol habits when trying to have children, without concluding that moderate drinking by the partner alone determines the outcome.
What can you do yourself?
A pragmatic approach is to reduce or abstain from alcohol during the period you are trying to conceive, in line with public health recommendations. If you have questions about your own situation, for example, before a fertility investigation or treatment, it is best to discuss it with your midwife or doctor, who can take your overall health into account. Feelings of guilt about past drinking are rarely helpful – the most important thing is how you choose to proceed.
Frequently Asked Questions
Do I have to stop drinking completely when trying to get pregnant?
The recommendation from Swedish authorities is to abstain, as one can be pregnant without knowing it, and no safe lower limit has been established. How strictly you choose to adhere is a decision you can make in consultation with healthcare professionals.
Could a single glass have caused harm if I didn't know I was pregnant?
Isolated instances early on do not necessarily mean that something went wrong, but no guarantees can be given. Feel free to discuss your concerns with your midwife, who can provide an answer based on your specific situation.
Does alcohol affect IVF treatment?
There are studies suggesting that alcohol can affect the outcome of in vitro fertilization, but the evidence is mixed. Follow the advice you receive from your fertility clinic.
This text provides general information and is not medical advice. Always consult a midwife, doctor, or other healthcare professional for advice tailored to your situation.