Short answer: Folic acid is recommended before pregnancy. The need for other supplements depends on your diet, any deficiencies, and medical circumstances. A multivitamin is not automatically necessary: start with the folic acid recommendation and discuss any other needs with a midwife or doctor.
Folate (folic acid) – the most important
Folate is the nutrient with the strongest evidence. The Swedish Food Agency recommends 400 µg of folic acid per day from before pregnancy through week 12 to reduce the risk of neural tube defects (spina bifida) in the fetus. Since the fetus's neural tube closes very early – often before you know you are pregnant – you need to start well in advance.
Vitamin D
The need for supplements is assessed based on factors including dietary habits and sun exposure. Pregnancy does not in itself mean that everyone needs extra vitamin D.
Iodine
Iodine is needed for the normal function of the thyroid gland and for the fetus's development. The need increases during pregnancy.
Iron
Iron contributes to the normal formation of red blood cells and oxygen transport in the body. The need for iron increases during pregnancy, and deficiency is common.
Omega-3 (DHA)
The mother's intake of DHA contributes to the fetus's normal brain and eye development (with sufficient intake). Oily fish is the best source; otherwise, supplements can be a complement.
Does everyone need a multivitamin for pregnant women?
Check the contents if you use a multivitamin for pregnant women. Do not combine multiple supplements without adding up the doses. Iron should be adjusted according to test results and medical advice. If you eat a vegan diet, B12 intake must also be ensured.
General information, not medical advice. Consult a midwife or doctor about your needs.
Sources
- Swedish Food Agency. Advice on folic acid for women.
- Swedish Food Agency: food and nutrition during pregnancy